This paper focuses on delay-constrained energy-efficient data delivery towards a path-fixed mobile sink. Rendezvous-based routing strikes a balance between aforementioned two methods, wherein data packets originated from deployed nodes will first be transferred to specified rendezvous nodes and then uploaded to the sink when it arrives . With respect to the immediate multi-hop routing, all nodes immediately deliver packets to the mobile sink along dynamic routes with multiple hops, enabling real-time data collection at the cost of tremendous energy consumption. In the single-hop routing, mobile sinks visit each sensor node and gather data via one-hop communication, resulting in low energy cost but extremely high delivery latency. In the past several years, extensive research has been conducted on efficient data delivery in WSNs with above sink mobility patterns and could be classified into three categories from the perspective of the routing scheme : single-hop routing, immediate multi-hop routing, and rendezvous-based routing. There exist three sink mobility patterns : (1) random mobility where the sink roams in the sensing field randomly (2) path-controllable mobility where the trajectory and the sink speed can be controlled to improve the network performance (3) path-fixed mobility where the sink moves on a fixed path and under strict constraint its motion parameters such as the speed and pause time are also uncontrollable. Consequently, data collection in WSNs with mobile sinks (also referred to as mobile base stations or mobile data collectors) has become a significant issue. On the other hand, exploiting mobility of mobile entities in WSNs could improve the energy efficiency, load balance and network connectivity. On one hand, inspectors or patrol robots would be required to collect sensing data from various deployed industrial sensors (e.g., radiation sensor, gas sensor, temperature sensor) for decision-making. In industries, mobile elements are extensively involved in WSNs and play an increasingly important role. They could be applied for long-term surveillance, smart manufacturing, process control, and so on. Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have drawn intensive attention from the industrial community recently due to their flexibility, low cost, and powerful networking ability. Extensive evaluation results demonstrate that DERM can provide considerable energy savings while meeting the delay constraint and maintaining a high delivery ratio. We comprehensively evaluate DERM by comparing it with two canonical routing schemes and a baseline solution presented in this work. We also design a fault-tolerant mechanism called track routing to tackle location errors for ensuring reliable and on-time data delivery. To reduce the control overhead, a lightweight sink location calibration method is devised, which cooperates with the rough estimation based on the mobility pattern to determine the sink location. We characterize the object of DERM as realizing the energy-optimal anycast to time-varying destination regions, and introduce a location-based forwarding technique tailored for this problem. This paper proposes a delay-aware energy-efficient routing algorithm for WSNs with a path-fixed mobile sink, named DERM, which can strike a desirable balance between the delivery latency and energy conservation. However, when the sink (i.e., data collector) path is fixed and the movement is uncontrollable, existing schemes fail to guarantee delay requirements while achieving high energy efficiency. Exploiting mobility present in WSNs for data collection can effectively improve the network performance. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) involve more mobile elements with their widespread development in industries.
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